Which four land-based empires does the AP World CED name for 1450–1750, and where was each?	Ottoman: Southern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Safavid: the Middle East. Mughal: South and Central Asia. Manchu (Qing): Central and East Asia.
What did land-based empires rely on to expand from 1450 to 1750?	Gunpowder, cannons and armed trade, in both hemispheres.
What happened in 1453, and why did it matter for the Ottomans?	Ottoman armies took Constantinople and made it the capital of their expanding empire.
How was the Mughal Empire founded?	In 1526 Babur defeated the much larger army of the Delhi Sultanate, starting Mughal rule in South Asia.
How did the Safavid Empire begin, and what religion did it make official?	In 1501 Ismail entered Tabriz and declared himself shah, then made Twelver Shi'ism the state religion of Iran.
How did the Manchu take China?	Manchu forces took Beijing in 1644 and ruled as the Qing dynasty, though all of China was under Manchu control only by 1683.
How did Morocco defeat the Songhai Empire in 1591?	The Moroccan (Saadi) army's guns, ammunition and cannon beat a larger Songhai army at the Battle of Tondibi; within about a decade the empire had broken into smaller states.
Which state rivalries does the CED use as examples of conflict from 1450 to 1750?	The Safavid–Mughal conflict and the Songhai Empire's conflict with Morocco. Political and religious disputes drove both.
What was the Ottoman devshirme?	A system that took boys aged 8 to 10, converted them to Islam and educated them to form an elite military force. It is the CED's Ottoman example of bureaucratic elites and military professionals.
Who were the Janissaries?	An elite corps of Ottoman soldiers, most of them drawn from the devshirme, who also served as the sultan's bodyguards.
Why did rulers from 1450 to 1750 recruit bureaucratic elites and military professionals?	To keep centralized control over their populations and resources.
Match each tax system to its empire: zamindar tax collection, tax farming, tribute lists, taxes in hard currency.	Zamindar tax collection: Mughal. Tax farming: Ottoman. Tribute lists: Mexica (Aztec). Taxes in hard currency: Ming.
What did Ming law say taxes had to be paid in, and why was that a problem?	In silver. Even people who could pay struggled to find the silver the law required.
Why did rulers from 1450 to 1750 use tribute, tax farming and new tax systems?	To raise revenue that paid for state power and expansion.
Name 3 religious ideas the CED gives as ways rulers legitimized their rule.	European divine right, the Mexica practice of human sacrifice, and the Songhai promotion of Islam.
What is divine right, and how did European monarchs use it?	The idea that a monarch's power comes from God. European rulers used it to legitimize their rule.
How did Askia Muhammad legitimize his rule over Songhai?	He based his authority on Islam and set out to make Songhai a Muslim kingdom, but did not force his subjects to convert.
Name 4 examples of art or architecture that rulers used to legitimize their rule, 1450–1750.	Qing imperial portraits, the Incan sun temple of Cuzco, Mughal mausolea and mosques, and European palaces such as Versailles.
What was the Taj Mahal, and who built it?	A tomb that the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan began in 1631 for his wife Mumtaz Mahal: an example of monumental architecture legitimizing rule.
Which Japanese example does the CED give of rulers using military professionals?	Salaried samurai.
Why did Ottoman subjects call Suleiman I "the lawgiver"?	He issued a unified law code for the empire. Europeans called him "the Magnificent".
What were Ottoman millets?	Communities organized by religious identity, each running its own affairs under its own religious law.
How did Akbar rule the Mughal Empire's non-Muslim majority?	He did not impose Islam, abolished the jizya (the tax on non-Muslims) in 1568, and created his own cult, Din-i Ilahi.
How did the Qing emperor Kangxi govern China?	He governed by Confucian principles and kept the imperial examinations for government jobs.
When did the Protestant Reformation begin, and what set it off?	In 1517, when Martin Luther drafted 95 arguments against the sale of indulgences.
What were indulgences?	Grants from the Catholic Church said to reduce or cancel time in purgatory after death. Their sale was Luther's main target.
What did the Council of Trent (1545) do?	It was the Catholic Church's main response to the Reformation: it reaffirmed Catholic doctrine such as transubstantiation and banned the sale of indulgences.
Who founded the Jesuits, and what did they do?	Ignatius of Loyola. The Jesuits educated young Catholic men, worked to convert non-Christians and advised Catholic rulers.
What did John Calvin teach that set Calvinists apart?	Predestination: God has already decided who will be saved.
How did Henry VIII break with Rome?	When the pope refused to annul his marriage, Parliament's Act of Supremacy made the English monarch head of the English church.
What did the Peace of Augsburg (1555) decide?	Rulers in the Holy Roman Empire could make Lutheranism their official religion, and their subjects had to follow the prince's choice.
Did the Protestant and Catholic reformations shrink or grow Christianity?	Both contributed to the growth of Christianity, even though the Protestant Reformation broke with existing Christian traditions.
How did the Ottoman–Safavid rivalry change Islam?	It intensified the split between Sunni and Shi'a. The Safavids made Twelver Shi'ism Iran's state religion, setting them apart from their Ottoman rivals.
What is Sikhism, and where and when did it develop?	A monotheistic faith that combines elements of Hinduism and Islam. It developed in the Punjab in the 15th century, out of interactions between the two.
Compare how the Ottomans and Akbar's Mughals governed religious diversity.	Both left room for other faiths. The Ottomans organized subjects into millets under their own religious law; Akbar abolished the jizya and didn't impose Islam.
Compare how the Ming and the Mexica raised revenue.	The Ming required taxes in hard currency (silver); the Mexica collected tribute from conquered peoples, recorded in tribute lists.
Compare how the Ottomans and the Qing staffed their states.	The Ottomans trained boys from the devshirme as an elite force; the Qing kept the imperial examinations to choose officials.
What do Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal expansion have in common?	All three were land-based empires that expanded with gunpowder and cannons, and religion shaped each one's rule: Ottoman millets, the Safavids' Twelver Shi'ism, Akbar's tolerance and Din-i Ilahi.